Iosif (Josef) Vissarionovich Stalin (Bahasa Rusia: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин, Iósif Vissariónovich Stálin), nama asli Ioseb Jughashvili (Bahasa Georgia: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი, bahasa Rusia: Иосиф Джугашвили, Iósif Dzhugashvíli;) (lahir 18 Desember 1878 – meninggal 5 Maret 1953 pada umur 74 tahun) adalah pemimpin Uni Soviet dan seorang diktator yang sangat lalim, dikenal juga dengan sebutan "Manusia Baja" sebagai namanya (Stalin atau Steel Man). Ia diperkirakan telah memerintahkan pembunuhan sekitar 30 juta jiwa penduduk Rusia dan negara-negara sekitarnya. Ia juga dikenal sebagai orang yang membenci agama. Awalnya ia masuk seminari di Tbilisi, namun ia kemudian menjadi tidak percaya adanya Tuhan setelah membaca buku Asal-usul Spesies karya Charles Darwin.Ia tampil sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet. Saingan utama Stalin adalah Leon Trotsky. Ketika akhirnya seluruh partai berada di dalam genggaman Stalin, Trotsky berhasil diusir keluar dari Uni Soviet kemudian dibunuh di Meksiko sekitar tahun 1940. Dan ketika Lenin meninggal dunia tanggal 21 Januari 1924, Stalin tampil sebagai pemimpin Uni Soviet yang baru. Ia memperlakukan saingannya atau siapapun yang tidak sependapat dengannya secara kejam dan tidak manusiawi, terutama pada masa pembersihan besar-besaran di Uni Soviet yang memakan banyak korban jiwa. Mereka semua dihukum mati sebagai musuh negara Soviet atau dijebloskan ke dalam kamp-kamp kerja paksa atau penjara. Kamp tahanan Gulag adalah salah satu saksi bisu kejamnya Stalin pada masa Teror Besar di Uni Soviet.
Ketika Perang Dunia II (1939-1945) meletus, Uni Soviet berperang bersama Inggris serta Amerika Serikat melawan Nazi Jerman. Tetapi seusai perang, Stalin memasang "Tirai Besi" antara sekutu Barat dan Soviet dan sebagian besar negara di Eropa Timur dijadikan negara Komunis. Stalin berkuasa sampai saat kematiannya pada usia 74 tahun. Kematiannya ini diduga kuat karena diracun oleh komplotan pimpinan Lavrenty Beria. Pada masa pemerintahannya ia tidak hanya mengawasi seluruh negara Soviet, melainkan juga negara-negara di luar Uni Soviet.
Joseph Stalin or Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Ста́лин, pronounced [ˈjosʲɪf vʲɪsɐˈrʲonəvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈstalʲɪn]; born Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili, Georgian: იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი, pronounced [iɔsɛb bɛsɑriɔnis dzɛ dʒuɣɑʃvili]; 18 December 1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was the dictator of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Amongst the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917, Stalin was appointed general secretary of the party's Central Committee in 1922. He subsequently managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin through suppressing Lenin's criticisms (in the postscript of his testament) and expanding the functions of his role, all the while eliminating any opposition. He remained general secretary until the post was abolished in 1952, concurrently serving as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 onward.
Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "socialism in one country" became a central tenet of Soviet society. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin in the early 1920s with a highly centralised command economy, launching a period of industrialization and collectivization that resulted in the rapid transformation of the USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial power.[2] However, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in correctional labour camps.[3] The initial upheaval in agriculture disrupted food production and contributed to the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor in Ukraine. Between 1934 and 1939 he organized and led a massive purge (known as "Great Purge") of the party, government, armed forces and intelligentsia, in which millions of so-called "enemies of the Soviet people" were imprisoned, exiled or executed, in a period that lasted from 1936 to 1939, Stalin instituted a campaign against alleged enemies within his regime Major figures in the Communist Party, such as the old Bolsheviks, Leon Trotsky, and most of the Red Army generals, were killed after being convicted of plotting to overthrow the government and Stalin.
In August 1939, Stalin entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany that divided their influence and territory within Eastern Europe, resulting in their invasion of Poland in September of that year, but Germany later violated the agreement and launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Despite heavy human and territorial losses, Soviet forces managed to halt the Nazi incursion after the decisive Battles of Moscow and Stalingrad. After defeating the Axis powers on the Eastern Front, the Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945, effectively ending the war in Europe for the Allies.[5][6] The Soviet Union subsequently emerged as one of two recognized world superpowers, the other being the United States.[7] The Yalta and Potsdam conferences established communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union in the Eastern Bloc countries as buffer states, which Stalin deemed necessary in case of another invasion. He also fostered close relations with Mao Zedong in China and Kim Il-sung in North Korea.
Stalin led the Soviet Union through its post-war reconstruction phase, which saw a significant rise in tension with the Western world that would later be known as the Cold War. During this period, the USSR became the second country in the world to successfully develop a nuclear weapon, as well as launching the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in response to another widespread famine and the Great Construction Projects of Communism. In the years following his death, Stalin and his regime have been condemned on numerous occasions, most notably in 1956 when his successor Nikita Khrushchev denounced his legacy and initiated a process of de-Stalinization. He remains a controversial figure today, with many regarding him as a tyrant.[8] However, popular opinion within the Russian Federation is mixed.
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