Soeharto - Presiden Kedua Republik Indonesia

Jend. Besar TNI Purn. H.M. Soeharto, (ER, EYD: Suharto) (lahir di Dusun Kemusuk, Desa Argomulyo, Kecamatan Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta, 8 Juni 1921 – meninggal di Jakarta, 27 Januari 2008 pada umur 86 tahun) adalah Presiden Indonesia yang kedua (1967-1998), menggantikan Soekarno. Di dunia internasional, terutama di Dunia Barat, Soeharto sering dirujuk dengan sebutan populer "The Smiling General" (bahasa Indonesia: "Sang Jenderal yang Tersenyum") karena raut mukanya yang selalu tersenyum.

Sebelum menjadi presiden, Soeharto adalah pemimpin militer pada masa pendudukan Jepang dan Belanda, dengan pangkat terakhir Mayor Jenderal. Setelah Gerakan 30 September, Soeharto menyatakan bahwa PKI adalah pihak yang bertanggung jawab dan memimpin operasi untuk menumpasnya. Operasi ini menewaskan lebih dari 500.000 jiwa.

Soeharto kemudian mengambil alih kekuasaan dari Soekarno, dan resmi menjadi presiden pada tahun 1968. Ia dipilih kembali oleh MPR pada tahun 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, dan 1998. Pada tahun 1998, masa jabatannya berakhir setelah mengundurkan diri pada tanggal 21 Mei tahun tersebut, menyusul terjadinya Kerusuhan Mei 1998 dan pendudukan gedung DPR/MPR oleh ribuan mahasiswa. Ia merupakan orang Indonesia terlama dalam jabatannya sebagai presiden. Soeharto digantikan oleh B.J. Habibie.

Peninggalan Soeharto masih diperdebatkan sampai saat ini. Dalam masa kekuasaannya, yang disebut Orde Baru, Soeharto membangun negara yang stabil dan mencapai kemajuan ekonomi dan infrastruktur. Suharto juga membatasi kebebasan warganegara Indonesia keturunan Tionghoa, menduduki Timor Timur, dan dianggap sebagai rezim paling korupsi sepanjang masa dengan jumlah $AS 15 miliar sampai $AS 35 miliar. Usaha untuk mengadili Soeharto gagal karena kesehatannya yang memburuk. Setelah menderita sakit berkepanjangan, ia meninggal karena kegagalan organ multifungsi di Jakarta pada tanggal 27 Januari 2008.


Suharto (8 June 1920 – 27 January 2008) was the second President of Indonesia, holding the office for 31 years from Sukarno's ouster in 1967 until his resignation in 1998. Suharto was born in a small village, Kemusuk, in the Godean area near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era. He grew up in humble circumstances. His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he was passed between foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesian security forces.

Indonesia's independence struggle saw him joining the newly formed Indonesian army. Suharto rose to the rank of Major General following Indonesian independence. An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by Suharto-led troops and was blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party. The army subsequently led an anti-communist purge, and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and President the following year. Support for Suharto's presidency was strong throughout the 1970s and 1980s but eroded following a severe financial crisis that led to widespread unrest and his resignation in May 1998. Suharto died in 2008.

The legacy of Suharto's 31-year rule is debated both in Indonesia and abroad. Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralised and military-dominated government. An ability to maintain stability over a sprawling and diverse Indonesia and an avowedly anti-Communist stance won him the economic and diplomatic support of the West during the Cold War. For most of his presidency, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialisation, dramatically improving health, education and living standards.

Indonesia's invasion and occupation of East Timor during Suharto's presidency resulted in at least 100,000 deaths. By the 1990s, the New Order's authoritarianism and widespread corruption[9] were a source of discontent. In the years after his presidency, attempts to try him on charges of corruption and genocide failed because of his poor health and because of lack of support within Indonesia.