William Shakespeare - Penyair dan Dramawan

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (dibaptis) – 23 April 1616) adalah seorang penulis Inggris yang seringkali disebut orang sebagai salah satu sastrawan terbesar Inggris. Ia menulis sekitar 38 sandiwara tragedi, komedi, sejarah, dan 154 sonata, 2 puisi naratif, dan puisi-puisi yang lain. Ia menulis antara tahun 1585 dan 1613 dan karyanya telah diterjemahkan di hampir semua bahasa hidup di dunia dan dipentaskan di panggung lebih daripada semua penulis sandiwara yang lain.

Shakespeare lahir di Stratford-upon-Avon, Inggris, pada bulan April 1564, sebagai putra John Shakspeare dan Mary Arden. Ayah William cukup kaya ketika ia lahir dan memiliki bisnis pembuatan sarung tangan namun kemudian ia menjadi agak miskin setelah menjual wol secara ilegal. Shakespeare tidak mengikuti jejak ayahnya. Pada zaman itu, sekolah umum baru dimulai di Inggris. Sebelumnya, hampir semua anak tidak tahu cara membaca dan menulis, mereka hanya belajar suatu keterampilan atau bertani. Shakespeare pergi ke salah satu sekolah umum yang baru ini. Ia belajar Latin, yang merupakan bahasa semua kaum terpelajar, tidak peduli dari negara mana mereka berasal.

Dari London ke Lisbon, dari Aleksandria ke Konstantinopel, dari Tunis ke Yerusalem, semua orang terpelajar berbicara Latin dan bahasa ibu mereka. Semua dokumen penting, baik dokumen negara, gereja, atau perdagangan, ditulis menggunakan Latin. Shakespeare juga mempelajari karya-karya para penulis dan filosofer dari Yunani Kuno dan Romawi. Lebih dari 100 tahun berlalu sejak Johannes Gutenberg memperkenalkan percetakan ke Eropa pada tahun 1452. Shakespeare dan orang Inggris lain yang dapat membaca ─ dan mampu membeli ─ buku-buku menjadi akrab dengan kisah-kisah dari berbagai tempat seperti Italia, Perancis, Asia Minor, dan Afrika Utara.

Beberapa kisah-kisah ini menjadi dasar cerita-cerita terbesar Shakespeare. Contohnya, The Golden Ass karya Apuleius, sebuah kisah kuno dari Afrika Utara, kemungkinan merupakan kisah yang menginspirasikan Impian di Tengah Musim. Shakespeare meminjam cerita untuk Romeo dan Juliet dari seorang penulis Inggris lain, yang mendapatkannya dari seorang penulis Perancis, yang menerjemahkannya dari kisah abad ke-16 oleh Luigi da Porta dari Italia yang bersumpah bahwa cerita tersebut adalah berdasarkan cerita nyata.


William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,[nb 3] 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, which has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, and religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, and these are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, however, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.

It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time". In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been repeatedly adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular, and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. In 2016, the 400th anniversary of the playwright's death, celebrations will commence in the United Kingdom and across the world to honour Shakespeare and his work.