Sushma Swaraj - Menteri Luar Negeri India

Sushma Swaraj (lahir 14 Februari 1952; umur 67 tahun) adalah seorang politikus India, mantan pengacara dan Menteri Urusan Eksternal India saat ini, yang menjabat sejak 26 Mei 2014. Sebagai pemimpin Partai Bharatiya Janata, Swaraj adalah wanita kedua yang menjadi Menteri Urusan Eksternal India, menjadi satu-satunya setelah Indira Gandhi. Ia terpilih tujuh kali sebagai Anggota Parlemen dan tiga kali sebagai Anggota Mahkamah Legislatif. Di usia 25 tahun pada 1977, ia menjadi menteri kabinet termuda di negara bagian India utara Haryana. Ia juga menjabat sebagai Ketua Menteri Delhi ke-5, untuk masa jabatan selama setahun pada 1998. Pada pemilihan umum India 2014, ia memenangkan konstituensi Vidisha di Madhya Pradesh untuk masa jabatan kedua. Ia menjadi Menteri Urusan Eksternaldalam kabinet serikat pada 26 Mei 2014. Ia masih menduduki kursi parlementer Vidisha-nya dengan perolehan sebesar lebih dari 400,000 suara pada Lok Sabha ke-16 dalam pemilihan umum yang diselenggarakan pada Mei 2014.

Swaraj menikah dengan Swaraj Kaushal, seorang advokat senior Dewan Tinggi India dan pengacara kasus kejahatan yang menjabat sebagai Gubernur Mizoram dari 1990 sampai 1993. Swaraj Kaushal menjadi anggota parlemen dari 1998 sampai 2004. Pasangan tersebut memiliki seorang putri, Bansuri, yang merupakan seorang lulusan dari Universitas Oxford dan seorang Barrister at Law dari Inner Temple. Swaraj memulai karier politiknya dengan Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad pada 1970an. Ia bergabung dengan gerakan Partai Janata dan berkampanye melawan Kebijakan Darurat. Sebagai Menteri Kabinet Pemerintahan Haryana. Ia menjadi anggota Mahkamah Legislatif Haryana dari 1977 sampai 1982 dari kursi mahkamah Kekantonan Ambala pada usia 25 tahun dan kemudian kembali lagi dari 1987 sampai 1990. Pada Juli 1977, ia dilantik sebagai Menteri Kaninet dalam Pemerintahan Partai Janata yang dikepalai oleh Ketua Menteri Devi Lal. Ia menjadi Presiden Negara Bagian Partai Janata (Haryana) pada 1979, di usia 27 tahun. Ia menjadi Menteri Pendidikan negara bagian Haryana dalam pemerintahan koalisi Partai Bharatiya Janata–Lok Dal pada 1987 sampai 1990.


Sushma Swaraj (14 February 1952 – 6 August 2019) was an Indian politician and a Supreme Court lawyer. A senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, Swaraj served as the Minister of External Affairs of India in the first Narendra Modi government (2014 – 2019). She was the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi. She was elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister of Delhi for a short duration in 1998. In the 2014 Indian general election, she won the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh for a second term, retaining her seat by a margin of over 400,000 votes.

She became the Minister of External Affairs in the union cabinet on 26 May 2014. Swaraj was called India's "best-loved politician" by the US daily Wall Street Journal. She decided not to contest the 2019 Indian general election due to health reasons as she was recovering a kidney transplant and "save herself from dust and stay safe from infection" and hence did not join the Modi Ministry in 2019. According to doctors at AIIMS, she succumbed to cardiac arrest on the night of 6th August 2019. Swaraj will be cremated with full state honors today at Lodhi Crematorium, Delhi on 7th August.

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Matematikawan

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Tamil: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்) yang lahir di Lahore, India Britania (kini di Pakistan), 19 Oktober 1910 – meninggal 21 Agustus 1995 pada umur 84 tahun adalah fisikawan India-Amerika Serikat. Ia adalah keponakan Chandrasekhara Raman, fisikawan pemenang Hadiah Nobel Fisika 1930. Ia menerima gelar B.A. dari Universitas Madras. Di Universitas Cambridge ia menerima gelar Ph.D. dan mengembangkan teori bintang kerdil putih, menunjukkan bahwa tekanan degenerasi mekanika kuantum tidak bisa menstabilkan bintang raksasa. Ia bekerja di Universitas Chicago dan Observatorium Yerkes dari 1937 hingga 1995.

Chandrasekhar adalah pegawai di Ballistic Research Laboratory di Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland selama PD II. Ia meneliti dan menulis sejumlah buku penting mengenai struktur dan evolusi bintang, sifat-sifat dinamis kluster dan galaksi bintang, transfer energi radiasi, stabilitas hidrodinamika dan hidromagnetika, stabilitas bilangan persamaan ellips, dan teori matematis lubang hitam. Ia juga bekerja pada astrofisika relativistik, dan buku terakhirnya adalah Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Ia mengedit Astrophysical Journal selama hampir 20 tahun. Ia terkenal atas cintanya pada keanggunan dan presisi matematika.


Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, FRS (Tamil: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர் 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995), was an Indian American astrophysicist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the best current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.

Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of physical problems in his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves.[6] At the University of Cambridge, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter.

He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by Jan Oort and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the Milky Way on stars rotating about the galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty partial differential equations, describing a new quantity he termed ‘dynamical friction’, which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly.

Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai) and the University of Cambridge. He spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, spending some time in its Yerkes Observatory, and serving as editor of The Astrophysical Journal from 1952 to 1971. He served on the University of Chicago faculty from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84. Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He had met her as a fellow student at Presidency College, Madras. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953.

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Profil Zakir Naik - Tokoh Perbandingan Agama

Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (bahasa Hindi: ज़ाकिर अब्दुल करीम नायक; lahir 18 Oktober 1965; umur 51 tahun) adalah seorang pembicara umum Muslim India, dan penulis hal-hal tentang Islam dan perbandingan agama. Secara profesi, ia adalah seorang dokter medis, memperoleh gelar Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) dari Maharashtra, tapi sejak 1991 ia telah menjadi seorang ulama yang terlibat dalam dakwah Islam dan perbandingan agama. Ia menyatakan bahwa tujuannya ialah membangkitkan kembali dasar-dasar penting Islam yang kebanyakan remaja Muslim tidak menyadarinya atau sedikit memahaminya dalam konteks modernitas. Zakir Naik adalah pendiri dan presiden Islamic Research Foundation (IRF), sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang memiliki dan menyiarkan jaringan saluran TV gratis Peace TV dari Mumbai, India.

Zakir Naik lahir pada tanggal 18 Oktober 1965 di Mumbai (Bombay pada waktu itu), India dan merupakan keturunan Konkani. Ia bersekolah di St. Peter's High School (ICSE) di kota Mumbai. Kemudian bergabung dengan Kishinchand Chellaram College dan mempelajari kesehatan di Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital di Mumbai. Ia kemudian menerima gelar MBBS-nya di University of Mumbai. Tahun 1991 ia berhenti bekerja sebagai dokter medis dan beralih di bidang dakwah atau proselitisme Islam.

Naik mengatakan ia terinspirasi oleh Ahmed Deedat yang telah aktif di bidang dakwah selama lebih dari 40 tahun. Menurut Naik, tujuannya adalah "berkonsentrasi pada remaja Muslim berpendidikan yang mulai meragukan agamanya sendiri dan merasa agamanya telah kuno" dan adalah tugas setiap Muslim untuk menghilangkan kesalahpahaman tentang Islam untuk melawan apa yang ia anggap sebagai bias anti-Islam oleh media Barat setelah serangan 11 September 2001 terhadap Amerika Serikat. Ia telah berceramah dan menulis sejumlah buku tentang Islam dan perbandingan agama[8] juga hal-hal yang ditujukan untuk menghapus keraguan tentang Islam. Sejumlah artikelnya juga sering diterbitkan di majalah India seperti Islamic Voice.

Thomas Blom Hansen, seorang sosiolog yang memegang posisi akademik di berbagai universitas, telah menulis bahwa gaya Naik mengabadikan Qur'an dan hadits dalam berbagai bahasa, dan bepergian ke berbagai negara untuk membicarakan Islam bersama para teolog, telah menjadikannya sangat terkenal di lingkungan Muslim dan non-Muslim. Meskipun ia biasa berbicara kepada ratusan hadirin, dan kadang ribuan hadirin, justru rekaman video dan DVD ceramahnya yang banyak didistribusikan. Perkataannya biasa direkam dalam bahasa Inggris, untuk disiarkan pada akhir pekan di sejumlah jaringan TV kabel di lingkungan Muslim Mumbai, dan di saluran Peace TV, which he co-promotes. Topik yang ia bicarakan mencakup: "Islam dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Modern", "Islam dan Kristen", dan "Islam dan Sekularisme", di antara yang lain.


Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (born 18 October 1965) is an Indian Islamic preacher, and the founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF). He is also the founder of the "comparative religion" Peace TV channel through which he reaches a reported 100 million viewers. He has been called an "authority on comparative religion", "perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India", "the rock star of tele-evangelism and a proponent of modern Islam" and "the world's leading Salafi evangelist". Unlike many Islamic preachers, his lectures are colloquial, given in English, not Urdu or Arabic, and he wears a suit and tie rather than traditional garb.

Before becoming a public speaker, he trained as a medical doctor. He has published booklet versions of lectures on Islam and comparative religion. Although he has publicly disclaimed sectarianism in Islam, he is regarded by some as an exponent of the Salafi ideology, and, by some, as a radical Islamic televangelist propagating Wahhabism. His preaching is currently banned in India, Bangladesh, Canada and the United Kingdom. He is said to have more critics within the Islamic community than those outside it.

Zakir Naik was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He attended Kishinchand Chellaram College and studied medicine at Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and later the University of Mumbai, where he obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). In 1991 he started working in the field of Dawah, and founded the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF). Naik's wife, Farhat Naik, works for the women's section of the Islamic Research foundation (IRF). Naik said in 2006, that he was inspired by Ahmed Deedat, an Islamic preacher, having met him in 1987. (Naik is sometimes referred to as "Deedat plus", a label given to him by Deedat himself. Naik founded the Islamic International School in Mumbai. and United Islamic Aid, which provides scholarship to poor and destitute Muslim youth. He is also a board member and adviser of iERA.

The Islamic Research Foundation website describes Naik as "the ideologue and driving force behind Peace TV Network". Naik's channel is to promote "Truth, Justice, Morality, Harmony and Wisdom for the whole of humankind", mentions its website. The Indian government banned the Peace TV channel in 2012;[39][40] According to the New York Times quoting an anonymous Indian journalist, the Mumbai police have barred him from holding conferences in recent years "because he stirs controversy", and Indian satellite providers have refused to broadcast his television channel, Peace TV. In 2016, during a press conference Naik claimed himself as a Non-resident Indian (NRI).

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Biografi Mahatma Gandhi - Tokoh Pemimpin India

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (lahir di Porbandar, Gujarat, India Britania, 2 Oktober 1869 – meninggal di New Delhi, India, 30 Januari 1948 pada umur 78 tahun) (aksara Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी) juga dipanggil Mahatma Gandhi (bahasa Sanskerta: "jiwa agung") adalah seorang pemimpin spiritual dan politikus dari India. Pada masa kehidupan Gandhi, banyak negara yang merupakan koloni Britania Raya. Penduduk di koloni-koloni tersebut mendambakan kemerdekaan agar dapat memerintah negaranya sendiri. Gandhi adalah salah seorang yang paling penting yang terlibat dalam Gerakan Kemerdekaan India. Dia adalah aktivis yang tidak menggunakan kekerasan, yang mengusung gerakan kemerdekaan melalui aksi demonstrasi damai.

Gandhi lahir pada 2 Oktober 1869 di negara bagian Gujarat di India. Beberapa dari anggota keluarganya bekerja pada pihak pemerintah. Saat remaja, Gandhi pindah ke Inggris untuk mempelajari hukum. Setelah dia menjadi pengacara, dia pergi ke Afrika Selatan, sebuah koloni Inggris, di mana dia mengalami diskriminasi ras yang dinamakan apartheid. Dia kemudian memutuskan untuk menjadi seorang aktivis politik agar dapat mengubah hukum-hukum yang diskriminatif tersebut. Gandhi pun membentuk sebuah gerakan non-kekerasan. Ketika kembali ke India, dia membantu dalam proses kemerdekaan India dari jajahan Inggris; hal ini memberikan inspirasi bagi rakyat di koloni-koloni lainnya agar berjuang mendapatkan kemerdekaannya dan memecah Kemaharajaan Britania untuk kemudian membentuk Persemakmuran.

Rakyat dari agama dan suku yang berbeda yang hidup di India kala itu yakin bahwa India perlu dipecah menjadi beberapa negara agar kelompok yang berbeda dapat mempunyai negara mereka sendiri. Banyak yang ingin agar para pemeluk agama Hindu dan Islam mempunyai negara sendiri. Gandhi adalah seorang Hindu namun dia menyukai pemikiran-pemikiran dari agama-agama lain termasuk Islam dan Kristen. Dia percaya bahwa manusia dari segala agama harus mempunyai hak yang sama dan hidup bersama secara damai di dalam satu negara. Pada 1947, India menjadi merdeka dan pecah menjadi dua negara, India dan Pakistan. Hal ini tidak disetujui Gandhi. Prinsip Gandhi, satyagraha, sering diterjemahkan sebagai "jalan yang benar" atau "jalan menuju kebenaran", telah menginspirasi berbagai generasi aktivis-aktivis demokrasi dan anti-rasisme seperti Martin Luther King, Jr. dan Nelson Mandela. Gandhi sering mengatakan kalau nilai-nilai ajarannya sangat sederhana, yang berdasarkan kepercayaan Hindu tradisional: kebenaran (satya), dan non-kekerasan (ahimsa). Pada 30 Januari 1948, Gandhi dibunuh seorang lelaki Hindu yang marah kepada Gandhi karena ia terlalu memihak kepada Muslim.


Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable"—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,-is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father", "papa" in India. Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.

Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as the means to both self-purification and social protest. Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan.

As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,[8] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[8] Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range. Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation.[10][11] His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Nonviolence. He was the mentor of Indira Gandhi.

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Bunda Mother Teresa - Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu

Bunda Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu; lahir di Üsküb, Kerajaan Ottoman, 26 Agustus 1910 – meninggal di Kalkuta, India, 5 September 1997 pada umur 87 tahun) adalah seorang biarawati Katolik Roma keturunan Albania dan berkewarganegaraan India yang mendirikan Misionaris Cinta Kasih (bahasa Inggris: Missionaries of Charity) di Kalkuta, India, pada tahun 1950. Selama lebih dari 47 tahun, ia melayani orang miskin, sakit, yatim piatu dan sekarat, sementara membimbing ekspansi Misionaris Cinta Kasih yang pertama di seluruh India dan selanjutnya di negara lain. Setelah kematiannya, ia mendapat gelar beata (blessed dalam bahasa Inggris) oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II dan diberi gelar Beata .

Pada 1970-an, ia menjadi terkenal di dunia internasional untuk pekerjaan kemanusiaan dan advokasi bagi hak-hak orang miskin dan tak berdaya. Misionaris Cinta Kasih terus berkembang sepanjang hidupnya dan pada saat kematiannya, ia telah menjalankan 610 misi di 123 negara, termasuk penampungan dan rumah bagi penderita HIV/AIDS, lepra dan TBC, program konseling untuk anak dan keluarga, panti asuhan, dan sekolah. Pemerintah, organisasi sosial dan tokoh terkemuka telah terinspirasi dari karyanya, namun tak sedikit filosofi dan implementasi Bunda Teresa yang menghadapi banyak kritik. Ia menerima berbagai penghargaan, termasuk penghargaan pemerintah India, Bharat Ratna (1980) dan Penghargaan Perdamaian Nobel pada tahun 1979. Ia merupakan salah satu tokoh yang paling dikagumi dalam sejarah. Saat peringatan kelahirannya yang ke-100 pada tahun 2010, seluruh dunia menghormatinya dan karyanya dipuji oleh Presiden India, Pratibha Patil.


Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, MC, commonly known as Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was a Roman Catholic religious sister and missionary who lived most of her life in India. She was born in what is today Macedonia, with her family being of Albanian descent originating in Kosovo. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries. They run hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens; dispensaries and mobile clinics; children's and family counselling programmes; orphanages; and schools. Members must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience as well as a fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor".

Mother Teresa was the recipient of numerous honours including the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. In 2003, she was beatified as "Blessed Teresa of Calcutta". A second miracle credited to her intercession is required before she can be recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church. A controversial figure both during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was widely admired by many for her charitable works, but also widely criticised, particularly for her efforts opposing contraception and for substandard conditions in the hospices for which she was responsible.

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