Ernesto Guevara Lynch de La Serna (lahir di Rosario, Argentina, 14 Juni 1928 – meninggal di Bolivia, 9 Oktober 1967 pada umur 39 tahun) adalah pejuang revolusi Marxis Argentina dan seorang pemimpin gerilya Kuba. Guevara dilahirkan di Rosario, Argentina, dari keluarga berdarah campuran Irlandia, Basque dan Spanyol. Tanggal lahir yang ditulis pada akta kelahirannya yakni 14 Juni 1928, namun yang sebenarnya adalah 14 Mei 1928. Sejak usia dua tahun Che Guevara mengidap asma yang diderita sepanjang hidupnya. Karena itu keluarganya pindah ke daerah yang kering, yaitu daerah Cordoba. Pendidikan dasar ia dapatkan sebagian dari ibunya, Celia de la Serna. Pada usianya yang begitu muda, Che Guevara telah menjadi seorang pembaca yang lahap. Ia rajin membaca literatur tentang Karl Marx, Engels dan Sigmund Freud yang ada di Ruang makannya. Memasuki sekolah menengah pertama (1941) di Colegio Nacional Deán Funes. Di sekolah ini dia menjadi yang terbaik di bidang sastra dan olahraga. Di rumahnya, Che Guevara tergerak hatinya oleh para pengungsi perang saudara Spanyol, juga oleh rentetan krisis politik yang parah di Argentina. Krisis ini memuncak di bawah pemerintahan diktator fasis kiri, Juan Peron, seorang yang ditentang Guevara. Berbagai peristiwa tertanam kuat dalam diri Guevara, ia melihat sebuah penghinaan dalam pantomim yang dilakonkan di Parlemen dengan demokrasinya. Maka muncul pulalah kebenciannya akan politisi militer beserta kaum kapitalis dan terutama kepada dolar Amerika Serikat ,yang dianggap sebagai lambang kapitalisme. Meski demikian dia sama sekali tidak ikut dalam gerakan pelajar revolusioner. Ia hanya menunjukkan sedikit minat dalam bidang politik di Universitas Buenos Aires, (1947), tempat ia belajar ilmu kedokteran. Pada awalnya ia hanya tertarik memperdalam penyakitnya sendiri, namun kemudian dia tertarik pada penyakit kusta.
Petualangan revolusioner terakhir Che adalah di Bolivia, karena ia salah memperkirakan potensi negara itu yang mengakibatkan konsekuensi yang buruk. Tertangkapnya Che oleh tentara Bolivia pada 8 Oktober 1967 adalah akhir dari segala usahanya dan hukuman tembak dijatuhkan sehari setelah itu. Pada tanggal 12 Juli 1997 jenazahnya dikuburkan kembali dengan upacara kemiliteran di Santa Clara, di provinsi Las Villas, di mana Guevara mengalami kemenangan dalam pertempuran ketika revolusi Kuba. Che menjadi legenda. Ia dikenang karena keganasannya, penampilannya yang romantis, gayanya yang menarik, sikapnya yang tak kenal kompromi dan penolakan atas penghormatan berlebihan atas semua reformasi murni dan pengabdiannya untuk kekejaman dan sikapnya yang flamboyan. Ia juga idola para pejuang revolusi dan bahkan kaum muda generasi tahun 1960-1970 atas tindakan revolusi yang berani yang tampak oleh jutaan orang muda sebagai satu-satunya harapan dalam perombakan lingkup borjuis kapitalisme, industri dan komunisme.
Ernesto "Che" Guevara (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃe ɣeˈβaɾa]; June 14,] 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as el Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture. As a young medical student, Guevara traveled throughout South America and was radicalized by the poverty, hunger, and disease he witnessed.[9] His burgeoning desire to help overturn what he saw as the capitalist exploitation of Latin America by the United States prompted his involvement in Guatemala's social reforms under President Jacobo Árbenz, whose eventual CIA-assisted overthrow at the behest of the United Fruit Company solidified Guevara's political ideology. Later, in Mexico City, he met Raúl and Fidel Castro, joined their 26th of July Movement, and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht, Granma, with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.
Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, and played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime. Following the Cuban Revolution, Guevara performed a number of key roles in the new government. These included reviewing the appeals and firing squads for those convicted as war criminals during the revolutionary tribunals, instituting agrarian land reform as minister of industries, helping spearhead a successful nationwide literacy campaign, serving as both national bank president and instructional director for Cuba's armed forces, and traversing the globe as a diplomat on behalf of Cuban socialism. Such positions also allowed him to play a central role in training the militia forces who repelled the Bay of Pigs Invasion and bringing the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to Cuba which precipitated the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Additionally, he was a prolific writer and diarist, composing a seminal manual on guerrilla warfare, along with a best-selling memoir about his youthful continental motorcycle journey.
His experiences and studying of Marxism–Leninism led him to posit that the Third World's underdevelopment and dependence was an intrinsic result of imperialism, neocolonialism, and monopoly capitalism, with the only remedy being proletarian internationalism and world revolution. Guevara left Cuba in 1965 to foment revolution abroad, first unsuccessfully in Congo-Kinshasa and later in Bolivia, where he was captured by CIA-assisted Bolivian forces and summarily executed. Guevara remains both a revered and reviled historical figure, polarized in the collective imagination in a multitude of biographies, memoirs, essays, documentaries, songs, and films. As a result of his perceived martyrdom, poetic invocations for class struggle, and desire to create the consciousness of a "new man" driven by moral rather than material incentives, he has evolved into a quintessential icon of various leftist-inspired movements. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, while an Alberto Korda photograph of him, titled Guerrillero Heroico (shown), was cited by the Maryland Institute College of Art as "the most famous photograph in the world".
